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The Ngäbe or Guaymí people are an indigenous group living mainly within the Ngäbe-Buglé comarca in the Western Panamanian provinces of Veraguas, Chiriquí and Bocas del Toro. The Ngäbe also have five indigenous territories in southwestern Costa Rica encompassing 23,600 hectares: Coto Brus, Abrojos Montezuma, Conte Burica, Altos de San Antonio and Guaymi de Osa.〔Hugh Govan and Rigoberto Carrera (2010) Strengthening Indigenous Cultural Heritage through Capacity Building in Costa Rica. In Biocultural Diversity Conservation eds Luisa Maffi and Ellen Woodley. Earthsacan.〕 There are approximately 200,000-250,000 speakers of Ngäbere today. ''Guaymí'' is an outdated name derived from the Buglere term for them (''guaymiri''). Local newspapers and other media often alternatively spell the name Ngäbe as ''Ngobe'' or ''Ngöbe'' because Spanish does not contain the sound represented by ''ä'', a low-back rounded ''a'', slightly higher than the English ''aw'' in the word ''saw'' and Spanish speakers hear ''ä'' as either an ''o'' or an ''a''. Ngäbe means people in their native language- Ngäbere. A sizable number of Ngäbe have migrated to Costa Rica in search of work on the coffee fincas. Ngäbere and Buglere are distinct languages in the Chibchan language family. They are mutually unintelligible. ==History== Ngäbe territory originally extended from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea, though there was never an empire or a distinctive “Ngäbe territory”. Most Ngäbe lived in dispersed villages, which were run by chiefs and influential families. Few, if any, Ngäbes occupied the mountainous region in which they now live.〔''Ngawbe: Tradition and change among the Western Guaymí of Panama''. Young, Philip D. University of Illinois Press. Urbana. 1971. Pages 38-42.〕 Christopher Columbus and his men contacted the Ngäbes in 1502, in what is now the Bocas del Toro province in northwestern Panama. He was eventually repelled by Ngäbe leader with either the name or title of Quibían. Since that contact, Spanish conquistadors, Latino cattle ranchers and large banana plantations successively forced the Ngäbes into the less desirable mountainous regions in the west. Many Ngäbe were never defeated, including the famous cacique Urracá who united nearby communities in a more than seven-year struggle against the Conquistadors. Those Ngäbe that remained on the outskirts of this region began to slowly blend with the Latinos and formed what are now termed campesinos, or rural Panamanians with indigenous roots.〔 In the early 1970s the Torrijos administration incentivized the Ngäbes to form denser communities by building roads, schools, clinics, and other infrastructure in designated points in what is now the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé. This marked a social change in lifestyle, as formerly dispersed villages and family units converged and formed larger communities. In 1997, after years of struggle with the Panamanian government, the Ngäbes were granted a Comarca, or semi-autonomous area, in which the majority now live. The Spanish found three distinct Guaymi tribes in what is today's western Panama; each was named after its chief and each spoke a different language. The chiefs were Natá, in Coclé Province, and Parita in the Azuero Peninsula and the greatest chief Urracá in what is now Veraguas Province. Urracá became famous by defeating the Spaniards time after time, and forced Diego de Albitez, a captain of the Spanish, to sign a peace treaty in 1522. He was nonetheless betrayed and sent in chains to the town of Nombre de Dios on the Atlantic coast—according to historian Bartolomé de las Casas—Urracá escaped and made his way back to the mountains, vowing to fight the Spaniards unto death. And he fulfilled his vow. Urracá was so feared by the Spaniards that they avoided combat with his men. When Urracá died in 1531, he was still a free man. The Ngäbes were divided into two large groups: those of the lowlands along the Atlantic coast, and those of the tropical forest in the highlands of Veraguas and Chiriquí Province. They never surrendered and fought until the collapse of the Spanish Empire. When Panama broke away from Spain and joined Colombia in the early 19th century, the Ngäbe remained in the mountains. Only now slowly are some assimilating into modern society. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ngäbe people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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